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萧县阿诺--河南8日游时间--2010-9-6至9-13日地点--河南人物--萧县阿诺项目--自驾路线和景点6号中午从萧县出发一路310国道,下午2点半到河南商丘,归德府城墙--壮悔堂--候府--归德府文庙--八关斋--张巡祠--应天书院--於伯台,晚上住开封.7号早6点出发一路310国道,景点--巩义市青龙关--宋陵--康百万庄园--杜浦陵园--洛阳白马寺--关林,晚住洛阳,8号上午洛阳龙门石窟--东窟--白园--香山寺--西窟--下午孟津黄河小浪底水库--龙马负图寺--汉光武帝陵园,晚住济源市,9号上午沁阳市神农山--下午青天河,晚住博爱县,10号武涉嘉应观--郑州黄河花园口风景区--黄河国家地质公园--下午楚河汉界风景区,晚住郑州,11号上午新郑市--黄帝故里--郑韩故城--欧阳修陵园--下午始祖山--晚住郑州,12号--登封市嵩山风景区--上午三皇寨--永泰寺--下午少林寺--中岳庙--嵩阳书院,晚住郑州,13号一路310国道回到萧县,来回2000公里黄河小浪底风景区门票40元,从2008年开始,大坝不让游客上了 神农顶([]
最新章节： 第521章 一拳超人 （ 2024-05-04 22:31:28）
更新时间： 2024-05-04 18:37:16
- 第1章 张艺兴
- 第2章 武林笼中对
- 第3章 小区内立祖先墓碑
- 第4章 金牛座
- 第5章 易烊千玺
- 第6章 厦门马拉松
- 第7章 张若昀回应唇钉
- 第8章 这样唱好美
- 第9章 光年之外王者荣耀
- 第10章 看你看我
- 第11章 王一博等赵丽颖
- 第12章 王俊凯
- 第13章 冒险岛特斯拉
- 第14章 张韶涵肖战翻唱
- 第15章 刘亦菲
- 第16章 斗罗大陆
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- 第551章 奥特曼
- 第552章 下一位前度
- 第553章 海底捞吃出烟头
- 第554章 熊出没
- 第555章 龙之谷
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- 第561章 奔跑吧兄弟
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- 第563章 武林外传
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赖雅惠寒冷的冬季，Maple决定要再次出发，这次的目，是巴厘岛。之所以选择这个地方，最开始受到的启发偏偏是来自于一部电影：《Eat,Pray,Love》。女主角在经过一番生活的波折后，终于在旅途中再次肯定了自己，并且在巴厘岛，找到了属于自己的真爱。据说，Bali的意思是，“come back”，注定会回到这里。这里，是命运的起点，也是命运的终点。如此浪漫的地方，真心想去一探究竟，所以，出发！就像前面说过的，自由行的安排，在确定目的地后，就要抓紧时间安排机票、住宿、旅游代理。提前两个月开始安排，快速订下了新加坡的经停航班，剩下的，就是住宿啦！航班预订攻略：https//blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_69fb381501012ol1.html枫叶完成贴直达梯：寻觅高棉王国，暹粒吴哥窟深度游（美女力作完结）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-viewthread-tid-1299894-fromuid-34172959.html新加坡之旅各种美图-（附如何办理新加坡过境随意行SSH指南）150楼更新多张大图（完）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-viewthread-tid-1282011-highlight.html泰国普吉岛自由行（风景&人妖&美食&买物大赏）独家攻略！更新结束！https//bbs.8264.com/forum-viewthread-tid-1285729-highlight.html一行八人，大家想玩的不一样，所以决定一分为二，自由组合为两个Team。Team 1八天七晚住宿全部在海边，舒适，自在，不用换酒店。Team 24晚住海边，3晚住在美丽的乡村Ubud乌布。这组中途要换一次酒店，但可以享受海边的巴厘岛，也可以享受多彩多样的巴厘岛风情。Maple就是这组的啦，很是Happy体验不同的生活~！别看Maple现在说得简单，但是预订住宿时花费了不少的精力。一、酒店预订首先，是选择区域。巴厘岛的海边，有南边的乌鲁瓦图和努沙杜瓦。这两块是高级酒店的集中地，其中不乏7星级准的豪华酒店，不少人度蜜月会在这边住。但是这两块是属于岩石地貌，基本没有海滩。而且酒店价格不菲，实在无力承担。再往北，有金巴兰和库塔区。登巴萨机场就在这两块海滩之间。库塔旁边紧邻雷吉安区，属于开发程度相当高的旅游区，酒店密集，交通方便，吃饭购物也很方便。而且往北去各大景点非常方便。所以考察一番后，Maple决定大队人马驻扎在这里。一、酒店预订首先，是选择区域。巴厘岛的海边，有南边的乌鲁瓦图和努沙杜瓦。这两块是高级酒店的集中地，其中不乏7星级准的豪华酒店，不少人度蜜月会在这边住。但是这两块是属于岩石地貌，基本没有海滩。而且酒店价格不菲，实在无力承担。再往北，有金巴兰和库塔区。登巴萨机场就在这两块海滩之间。库塔旁边紧邻雷吉安区，属于开发程度相当高的旅游区，酒店密集，交通方便，吃饭购物也很方便。而且往北去各大景点非常方便。所以考察一番后，Maple决定大队人马驻扎在这里。 第二步，选酒店。Maple主要通过www.booking.com和 www.agoda.com，先找出预算内的酒店，然后比较位置和评价，随后选定了：kuta库塔的Kuta Seaview Boutique Resorts和Ubud乌布的Waka Namya Hotel。第三步，预订。因为各家网站报价还是小有差别，而且不同网站上房型也不一样，所以各种头大的抽死剥茧后，终于订好了全部住宿。成就感刚刚的！价格参考：booking预订Waka Namya Hotel 3晚2间Lanai，一共755.4美金，合计4805人民币，也就是RMB800元/间/晚。agoda预订Kuta Seaview Boutique Resorts 2间4晚和2间7晚的豪华双床间，最后含税费用是RMB760元/间/晚。不谈位置不同，单说这两家住宿体验，乌布的远远好于库塔的。这留待后面慢慢表。当然，如有预算充分，2-4人还可以住Villa，也就是小别墅。好一点的Villa还会有私人管家和独立的泳池，反正一句话，只要有钱，想怎么奢侈都可以滴。二、旅游代理预订大家一起出去，还要顾及到方便。因此在巴厘岛，选择个旅游代理是必要的。所谓旅游代理，可以提供的服务有：接送机、一日游、按照自己需求提供包车服务以及简单的景点介绍。出发前，Maple因为住宿和各种包车服务接触了5、6家旅游代理：1、这是一家香港人的代理，有自己的网站，有中文沟通服务，可以提供奢侈的villa信息，以及很多一日游方案。但因为是旅行社，所以灵活性小，价格也比较高。SilkyWorld Best Travel Agency Ltd.Address Jl. BAKUng VII No.1 Br. Tohpati, Denpasar 80237, Bali, Indonesia Phone 0361 7802331 Fax 0361 466305Email wbtravelagency@yahoo.com / silkyphang@yahoo.com / wbtravelagency@hotmail.comWebsite www.world-best-travel.com二、旅游代理预订大家一起出去，还要顾及到方便。因此在巴厘岛，选择个旅游代理是必要的。所谓旅游代理，可以提供的服务有：接送机、一日游、按照自己需求提供包车服务以及简单的景点介绍。出发前，Maple因为住宿和各种包车服务接触了5、6家旅游代理：1、这是一家香港人的代理，有自己的网站，有中文沟通服务，可以提供奢侈的villa信息，以及很多一日游方案。但因为是旅行社，所以灵活性小，价格也比较高。SilkyWorld Best Travel Agency Ltd.Address Jl. Bakung VII No.1 Br. Tohpati, Denpasar 80237, Bali, Indonesia Phone 0361 7802331 Fax 0361 466305Email wbtravelagency@yahoo.com / silkyphang@yahoo.com / wbtravelagency@hotmail.comWebsite www.world-best-travel.com2、除了这样大型的代理，有一些当地人自己提供的包车服务也很不错，价格便宜，而且灵活性高，比如可以自己订好要去的景点，让对方负责路线，车，还有门票已经简单向导。1）Piyu只能英文沟通，租车的价略便宜。当时询价很多家，Piyu回复最快，所以我用的就是这家。但其实，也不是Piyu本人接待，估计是生意太好，把我们外包给了另一家，不过这家小儿子帅，老爸人也不错，所以一路上还蛮开心。每天包车35美元，在看情况给司机小费（我们一般1天给5-6美元）。Tel：62-081-7349866， 或是 08124687277 Email piyules@hotmail.com,piyubali@yahoo.com2)Steven可以中文沟通，13482635430 Email vivastevenlee@hotmail.com3) John只能英文沟通Tel. +62-361- 243512,242819,7433962 Fax. +62-361-242819Mobile John (Mr.Purna) +62 81 239 28345 (for emergency) Email info@rd-tours.com OR baliman@indo.net.id最后服务和费用如下，个人觉得已经相当便宜了，尤其是我们后期8个人的一日游，都是两辆车，这样算下来，一共每天才280元，真心不贵。当然也许他们赚了回扣，但无论如何，这笔费用性价比很高。大家都开心，就不计较那么多咯！另外，毕竟是热带，一定要选车况好，冷气足的车。Maple那几天的车况都不错，车也新，整体满意地说。哈哈，终于写完准备篇了，一心想给大家交代的都说的差不多了。准备下一篇去咯~！小长假就要结束了巴厘岛的证是落地。办理流程：1. 抵达Bali的Denpasar机场时，准备好a.有效期在6个月以上的护照;b.落地证费停留7天(含)内,证费为现金US10元(入境当天即为第一天)；停留超过7天(最长只能停留30天),证费为现金US25元(超过停留期限,在出境时是会被罚款的)。特别提示：巴利岛证上的停留时间是入境和出境当天各算一天，如1月1日入境，8日出境，即应申请8-30天证，否则出境时不但要补交证费，还要罚款。 c.填妥入出境卡 及 物品申报表2. 下机后,请前往1楼的Visa on Arrival(落地)办理落地证,顺序为a.在第一站窗口向移民海关购买落地费用(US10或25元)，领取收据。b.到下一站窗口向移民海关缴交您的入出境卡、护照、落地收据，并得到落地。b.到下一站窗口向移民海关缴交您的入出境卡、护照、落地收据，并得到落地。c.到第三站窗口让移民海关盖上入境章(此时移民海关会将您的出境卡钉在护照内)。有的柜台是一个工作人员，故就直接完成C步骤；有的是两个工作人员，就会有个移交过程。无大碍，顺其发展！我们这次海关没有把出境表订在护照上，所以自己要妥善保管好。3. 往前走，先通过 X光安检您的随身行李后，即可前往行李提领转盘处领取行李；最后，通过行李海关的检查，即可离开机场。 特别要提醒的是：1.在Bali机场行李提领处领完行李后，如果发现行李箱上出现任何记号，要马上擦干净，否则过检查关时会被一一翻检；2.行李提领处有许多自愿帮您拿行李的Porter，在离开机场后，是必须给小费的(卢币2万即可)，若不需帮忙推行李，请立即挽拒；3.请妥善保存您的出境卡,离境时须交还给机场人员；4.若要搭乘出租车,离开机场接机大门后,右转直走,到Taxi Service付款,拿到车卷后,司机会带着您一起走去停车场开车；5.要记得留下现金每人RP15万，在离境时缴交机场税用；在机场，很多人会在你出关前就把你的行李拿出来放到外面，一定要抢出来，不然他们会很无理的收取小费。而且Maple发现，他们会挑漂亮的箱子拿，尤其硬壳的万向轮箱子特别容易被他们拿出来。另外，有的海关人员会跟你以换人民币等名义收取小费，可一定要拒绝。c.到第三站窗口让移民海关盖上入境章(此时移民海关会将您的出境卡钉在护照内)。有的柜台是一个工作人员，故就直接完成C步骤；有的是两个工作人员，就会有个移交过程。无大碍，顺其发展！我们这次海关没有把出境表订在护照上，所以自己要妥善保管好。换钱 1. 在中国银行换美金带过去，多准备一些小额美金做小费，其它就是整的美金100这样的比较好，换钱的时候比较合算，50美金面值的汇率跟100面值的汇率是一样的，零碎的美金汇率会低一些。2. 在酒店/机场换钱一般汇率低一些。饭店的话越小家汇率越好，五星级的超吃钱，在库塔和乌布比例都较高。大面额美金比小面额的兑换率高3. 当地兑换：只要门口写着NO COMMISION字样的兑换店一般都没有问，如果还不放心可以事先说明只要50，000面额的纸币，如果兑换店说没问，那就一定安全了。4. 汇率太高通常有问，小巷内的最好别去，先问有没有5万或10万大钞，避免拿到一堆零钞。 换钱时如有人与你聊天，千万不可分心，拿到钞票后一定要点，顺便检 查有无假钞﹝通常是10万的、印的有点歪﹞点完后不可再让他们经手，有些柜台桌面有机关，一抖就掉一张下去5. 不要把美金都换成当地的货币，用不完的话换回来太麻烦。在那里换汇很方便，一次一百的换，用多少换多少6. 回国时，也可以把多的印度尼西亚盾在这些地方换回美金，记得留下每人150，000RP的机场建设费7. 汇率兑换“NO COMMISSION” 不收手续费8. 切记，汇率太高的小店绝对是有问的，通常在外头挂的兑换牌价非常高（甚至高于银行），这种小店通常坐落在一条弄堂，并不是所有的这样的小店都在弄堂深处，有很多都在弄堂口，这样的“黑店”在Kuta比较多，所以大家千万要小心。说了这么多，其实出门在外，小心就行，当地整体治安还是可以的，不用担心太多。
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刘均瑜塔敏查干沙漠穿越游记 4月30日，我和妈妈随科尔沁户外俱乐部一行28余人乘坐公共汽车前往内蒙古通辽市库伦旗，进行负重沙漠露营穿越户外活动。 塔敏查干沙漠位于库伦旗，属于哲里木盟辖旗。“库伦”系蒙古语译音,意为“有围墙的地方”。位于哲里木盟西南部。东邻科尔沁左翼后旗，南靠辽宁省阜新蒙古族自治县和彰武县，西连奈曼旗，北接开鲁县。面积4 650平方公里,人口16.8万,其中蒙古族占60%。辖5镇7苏木3乡。旗府驻库伦镇,距盟府140公里,海拔250.6米。元属中书省辖。明初属大宁卫。明末先后属察哈尔部、内喀尔喀部。清初形成唯一的政教合一的喇嘛旗称库伦旗，因曼苏希礼喇嘛从西藏来此传经布法，故名曼珠希礼库伦旗，1933年改库伦旗。解放后先属热河省辖,后归内蒙古自治区辖（1969～1979年曾归吉林省辖）。养畜牧河横贯中部，河南为黄土丘陵沟壑区，属燕山余脉；河北是地甸地，属西辽河冲积平原边缘属大陆性气候。地势西南高,东北低。水土流失造成沟壑纵横,北部沙化严重。年均温6.3℃,年均降水量426.9毫米，无霜期140-150天。矿藏有铁、钨、铜、石灰石、大理石、氟石、珍珠岩、砂等。有5条地方干线公路,纵横境内。工业有建材、电力、地毯、酿酒、制革、鞋帽、皮毛加工、农机、民用铸造、水泥、印刷、制砖、柳编、塑编、制药等行业。以农为主,农牧林结合,多种经营。农业主产玉米、高粱、稻谷、小麦、荞麦。有中学16所。是“安代舞”发源地,有“安代之乡”的盛名，由旗乌兰牧骑创作并演出的歌舞剧《安代传奇》被国家文化部认定为新剧种－－科尔沁蒙古剧。古迹有兴源寺和福缘寺、象教寺,境内有50余座辽代古墓,其中“一号辽墓”,壁画面积约180平方米,是中国古代艺术史上的瑰宝. 30日中午我们到达库伦，午餐后参观了三大寺院，然后到库伦旗繁华的商业中心购物，见识了当地的风味食品，游览了旗中心的人民广场，下午3点左右，乘坐大巴前往穿越起点，在乡间公路颠簸了一个多小时左右到了一个不知名的小村子。 这个村子离穿越点还有些距离，于是我们就背着行囊徒步前行，大约走了2公里我们被一条河挡住了去路。怎么过？有的人去联系乘坐交通工具绕行过河，我和妈妈则按照前面驴友的方法背着行囊脱鞋鞋趟河（水很凉，脚下20多公分的淤泥下面还没有完全化冻）。过河后大约徒步补个多小时到达第一露营地，安营扎寨，埋锅造饭。晚餐我们吃了鸡蛋菠菜汤、红焖肉、馕饼。妈妈说吃好了才有体力去穿越沙漠。 餐后，科尔沁户外和长春徒步协会的驴友点篝火，一起狂欢，蒙族驴友叔叔应大家邀请唱起了蒙族歌曲，让我感到了驴友们的朴实，歌声伴着篝火在夜空中飘荡，围着篝火驴友们跳着唱着。高潮时“我的热情好像一把火，燃烧了整个沙漠。沙漠有了我，从此不寂寞……”这歌声恰如其分的诠释了人们当时的心情。5月1日早，9点开始徒步穿越沙漠，领队山峰进行了分组，我和妈妈在一组，擎云叔叔是领队 。我们踩着软软的沙子前行，脚下留下我们坚韧的足迹。沙漠因为我们的穿越显得生机勃勃，不在是沉静。穿越者的的各色装扮点缀着沙漠，人们蜿蜒前行，走在沙脊上看着滴滴汗珠落在沙地里那的印记被大风吹的转瞬即逝。随着时间的推移脚步开始变得沉重，大家每走上一个沙脊都会停下脚步拍照。走累了就休息，喝些水，吃点零食补充些营养继续向着沙漠腹地前进。中午的沙漠很热，真的热情似火。经过一上午的沙漠穿越，下午大家都自动放慢脚步，慢慢沿着沙脊朝着露营地方向前进。因为我们是第一队，在前面，怕和大家离得太远，老卒大伯决定在一个沙山上休息，等山峰他们，我和妈妈就卸下背包睡了一觉。后来好些驴友叔叔上来了我们一起前行，经过了“漫长”的两个小时跋涉（说“漫长”，亲身经历的人就会懂），傍晚我们选择了养畜牧河边作为我们的第二露营地安营。休息一会，我们开始搭建临时的家。好几十顶帐篷列队排开，真壮观。晚餐后，伴随着落日余晖我们大家爬上周围的沙山开始了一天最轻松的拍照欢乐时光。 夜晚，躺在帐篷里听着河边此起彼伏的蛙声，在怎么想不到这是大漠的邻居，养畜牧河的热情和大漠冷峻能够如此的和谐，更增添了沙漠穿越的神秘。听着夜晚大漠的风在吟唱，感受着那冰冷的夜色，渐渐融入梦乡。 2日，早餐后，返程徒步，在乡村小路徒步12.5公里，身体虽然很是疲倦，但途中小雨很清爽使我们的心情格外的轻松。回头望着两天来我们走过的这片沙漠，心里有着很是的不舍，我们只是一群过客，还没来得及深度体验和发现她的雄浑壮阔和更多神秘之处，就离开了。望着因我们的离去又归于沉寂的沙漠，在心里默默祝福再见了大漠，谢谢你给予我的这份神奇经历。 在这里要感谢组织者山峰叔叔、打前站的阿布叔叔和何叔叔、领队擎云叔叔、财务总管蓝月亮姐姐等驴友。同时，很感谢妈妈拉我参加这次穿越而且做窝的随队厨师使我有机会在沙漠穿越中享用奢侈的饭菜！ ([]
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许秀珍一段 快乐的驴行不至于在日后的岁月中变得支离破碎，为了与更多走过和未走过这条线的LZ分享旅途中的惊艳震撼，快乐痛苦，亲情友谊。。。游记因此变得十分必要。 我喜欢陌生的感觉，陌生能产生好奇，好奇有无限魔力，这个魔力吸引我一次次离家出走。。。 检索： 第一页 前言，路上点滴 第四页 丽江篇 第十页 队伍于泸沽湖畔集结完毕 第十七 穿越正式开始 三十四 风景渐入佳境 六十四 约会雪山 七十四 穿越结束 七十六 全剧终 群里很少有人说话，除了偶尔能碰到领队，其他要去的几个人一个比一个潜的深、隐的绝，连个沟通的机会都不给，我想他们是一群大隐者 ~！ 曾被今朝有酒醉的帖子毒倒，夏天又错过两个走这条线的穿越队伍，这次无论什么情况我是一定要去的，10月21日下午我登上了开往成都的列车，开始了一场非同寻常的驴行~~ 金秋泸沽湖-亚丁穿越路线图：家乡--成都--攀枝花--丽江--泸沽湖--亚丁--稻城--理塘--新都桥--康定--泸定--雅安--成都--家乡 黄金周已过，这个季节出门车上的旅客不多，还没到西安我便有了自己的“卧铺”，一个人可以坐仨位。天空渐渐变得昏暗，半梦半醒间被刚上车的几个人吵醒，两男两女中年人，有说有笑风趣幽默，他们坐在我对面和过道另侧的座位上。不知什么时候我便成了他们中的一员，于是我的“卧铺”和对面的三人位便成了那夜我们轮换睡觉的地方，困了的睡觉，醒着的聊天，不觉孤单，不觉无聊。。。 其中的两位姐姐，容颜虽不年轻，笑容却很单纯 清晨，列车驶过广元，几年前曾和朋友自驾九寨沟，第一次踏上四川的土地，也是个清晨路过广元，那是个小雨迷离的清晨，秦岭南麓雨量充沛，云雾飘渺于山中，空气中透着潮湿，我很喜欢那种湿润的感觉。透过车窗寻找旧日足迹，山还是那样的山，而天空却升起一轮骄阳~~ 过了江油，过了绵阳，离成都越来越近了，不知哪个站上来一位衣着颇显些职业的四川mm坐在我们旁边的位置，大姐和她聊起了化妆品，化妆品牌，我如听天书，以为她是化妆品推销员，起码是做和化妆品有关的职业。很快到了终点站成都，我背上大包跨上小包准备下车，MM走在我身后，踏上月台的那一刻听到身后有异样的声响，回头看到她的行李箱卡在车门处，于是我们有了结识的理由。她叫芮莹，但不姓芮，美术专业的，去西宁导师的工作室，她的外表，着装，没一点艺术生的叛逆，却恰恰相悖。在我的印象中搞艺术的男的不是光头就是长发，衣着另类，不食人间烟火，从外形上就要搞得与众不同，彰显他们独具一格的个性，女的也一略同 我们在站外广场拍了照片，留了QQ相互道别，她买票去西宁，我去南站买票去攀枝花~~~芮莹 ME 超越，现居河南义马，祖国秀美的山川让我魂牵梦绕，于是喜欢背上行囊找寻陌生中的童话世界~~。在之后的8天穿越中，在8天的烈日暴晒下，用领队一句话形容我：摘了帽子，脱了冲锋衣，和当地原住民已无区分坐上公交穿城而过，成都给我的感觉很干净，高楼鳞次栉比，很繁华的大都市 曾经，多少人青涩的梦留在那片校园中，彼此不分贵贱，没有功利每每回首往事，可能独属那段时光最能勾人心神，不堪回首也好，刻骨铭心也罢~~。。如今，我已老去。。。脚印留下，故事陪伴一生 网上查的有成都南到攀枝花的始发车，买票时售票小姐告诉我说现在没有，那是节假日临时加开的，郁闷！！可能我在网上查询的方法有问，真晕，只好买了江油开往攀枝花的车票，离开车还有两三个小时，出来在站外路边店随便吃点东西顺便把手机充下电，到丽江还有两天的时间，如果手机要是没电了我岂不成了瞎子聋子，现代的通讯工具实在是太重要了上了车，还好，没我想像的糟糕，人同样不是很多，很顺利找个位置坐下来，想想黄山归来那次，在火车上可把我们几头驴整惨了，几个人举着大包在人满为患的车厢中穿越，那情景很雷人！和我坐一起的是位在攀枝花长大的大哥，人很热情，列车上人与人之间交流变得比较容易，可能是因为我们彼此陌生，没谁去关注你的过去、现在和未来。。。。夕阳渐渐消失在地平线，又一个暮色来临，大哥扒在桌上似乎已经睡去，我却感叹车轮下这条沉重的铁路。上世纪六七十年代，建国初年，国力薄弱，技术落后，为了国防、经济等建设需要，三线人豪情万丈念着毛主席语录，从祖国的四面八方来到这大西南的崇山峻岭，在大山深处，修铁路建工厂，他们用人海战术，用青春岁月，用血与汗铸造了一条条铁路，一座座工厂，用惊天地泣鬼神来形容他们的精神与壮举不觉丝毫夸张 列车驶进乐山车站，下车的人很多，过道对面只剩一个小姑娘了，于是我又一次拥有了“卧铺”的机会。小姑娘网名：洛若兮，据她讲取自《洛神赋》里的字，名字很别致很高古，听她说话却相当单纯，每说一句话最后都要抿嘴笑一下，时而四川话，时而四川普通话，很搞笑，单纯可爱属于她这个季节。 当聊起她的家庭，爸爸妈妈，听她的身世却有些凄楚，最疼爱她的奶奶也已离他而去，似乎这个世界上再没有更关心她的人了，祝愿她能生活的很好 洛若兮 天蒙蒙亮，攀枝花到了。大哥、我、洛若兮我们一同下了火车，车站外就有发丽江的大巴，我问了票价，要80元人民币，和我在网上查的不一致，我查的是客运中心去丽江的大巴有45元的，于是决定和大哥他俩一起坐公交去客运中心，中途洛若兮告别下了车，大哥一直把我送到到客运中心，他原本不在这下车，再此感谢了 。到售票厅买票，结果也是80，网络再次欺骗了我开往丽江的大巴一直就我们几个乘客，像专车，我得以在后面拿着相机左拍拍右拍拍攀枝花四季气候温和，比我想象中的重工业城市清洁，这座钢城沿江而建，在狭长的山谷中绵延数公里 一桥飞架南北，一江穿桥而过，她们可曾知道还有一颗满怀激情的心在她们身边悄悄经过中午吃饭，拍下我们乘坐的大巴 忽然发现，屋檐下一怒放的生命在斑驳的光影中傲然倔强、娇艳妩媚，于是拍下了行程中第一张还算满意的照片 车子继续前行，建筑和景观渐渐有了变化，山上的村落有点像彝族村寨，星星点点原以为只有在荒漠中成片生长的仙人掌在这个地方却爬满山头山上这样的树木也很特别 还有那记忆深刻，我却没拍下来的芭蕉叶，凤尾竹。记得小时候同学之间流行互相赠送日记本，它的最大特点是中间有美术或摄影插图，有祖国的名胜古迹，如：北京的长城，上海的外滩，南京的长江大桥，苏州的园林，安徽的黄山。。。也有少数民族的风情，如，蒙古的赛马，天山的羊群，藏族的舞蹈，傣族的泼水节。。。西南少数民族的歌舞、绘画作品多以凤尾竹，芭蕉叶做背景，那些长在内心的童年记忆如痴如梦，神秘而遥不可及，如今竟不经意间呈现在面前，而我却忘记了按下快门逆光下金沙江宛如一条巨龙奔腾在峡谷之间 彝族村舍散落在牧歌般的田园中，安详，静谧，勤劳，自足 山如画卷，气势恢宏，壮美之至溢于言表，自然的杰作往往给人意想不到的震撼 峰回路转，给我的第一感觉就是陶渊明笔下的桃花源惊现于眼前：“复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良口美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。黄发垂髫并恰然自乐。 ”“先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。”([]
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杨家祥Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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林建生走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
韩国理论午夜中文不卡
张淑伦旅行回来一周了，印度的高温让我感觉格外疲惫，即使现在每天的天气预报都说国内如何如何的高温，在我感觉，也是很凉快了，重要的是随处都感受到空调。空调在印度可真的是奢侈品啊~ 印度的攻略网上已经有很多了，比萨就不再详细写了，只把旅行一路的见闻与感受写出来，希望大家能更多的了解印度，这个神奇的国度~ 除了机票是提前预订的，火车票是在印度现买的，旅馆是走到哪里在哪里找，这些都是没有提前预订的。比萨也没有带任何的攻略，没有LP，没有地图。 去印度之前，很多人和我说不要喝当地的水，要买瓶装水，不要吃路边摊。但是我都没做到，我和印度人一样去水管接水喝，吃路边摊，也没有拉肚子，也没有发烧感冒，只是热的起了痱子。也印证了我强大的小强精神，身体好的hold不住啊~ 这次的印度旅行，我最要感谢的是随遇而安，整个印度之行，给了我很大的帮助。在没有地图，没有LP的旅途中，全靠随遇而安的后方支持了。还有旅行途中碰到的躺着也中枪，padman，广州女生小黄，mettar，路人菜菜菜，七七。。。他们都给了我很多帮助。 我也很感谢印度人民，有提醒我注意坏人的，在我火车没有铺位的时候分给我一个床的，给我免费升AC车厢的，免费吃住的金庙~~印度的行程：金奈——新德里——阿格拉——新德里——阿姆利泽——斋普尔——乌代浦尔——斋普尔——瓦拉纳西——加尔各答马来西亚行程：吉隆坡——槟城——兰卡威——槟城——吉隆坡91楼 新德里 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20281054.html126楼 阿格拉泰姬陵 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20284017.html262楼 阿姆利泽 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20321588.html345楼 斋浦尔 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20425839.html407楼 乌代浦尔 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20521236.html473喽 瓦拉纳西 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20680197.html487楼 加尔各答 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20684047.html517楼 马来西亚 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redire ... 9-pid-20688443.html机票：这次旅行是两个国家，印度和马来西亚。去年10月亚航大促的时候买的廉价机票。深圳——吉隆坡，吉隆坡往返印度，吉隆坡往返槟城，吉隆坡——天津，一共6飞，合成人民币是2200元。后来吉隆坡取消了天津航线，免费改到了吉隆坡——北京。证：印度的证是在淘宝上找的代办，680元。虽然代办费用比实际证费用多出100多，但是我不用去北京，比请假再往返北京，费用要省，所以选择代办。当时就提供了工作证明，和1万的资金证明（6个月）还有护照，其他的都是由代办准备了。十几天就下来了。马来西亚我没有证，去印度之前在LCCT只呆了一个晚上，过境，回来的时候，又在马来西亚呆了5天，不到120小时，所以也是过境。所以马来西亚的证费用省下了。火车：在印度我全程选的都是SL，没有空调，但是印度火车的门、窗都是敞开的，而我选的所有火车都是夜车，所以火车开起来的时候，还是很凉快的。而且SL的票价要比AC3便宜太多了，这也是选择SL的原因。轮船：买机票的时候，由于功课没有做好，买的是吉隆坡往返槟城的，其实应该买吉隆坡——槟城，兰卡威——吉隆坡。所以槟城到兰卡威买的往返船票。公交：印度大城市也是有很多公交的，但是不报站，不过天气太热，我大部分还是选择坐TUTU的。 买机票的时候考虑买深圳到吉隆坡，是想可以去香港玩玩，但是真到出发，才发现根本没那么多时间。但是可恶的深圳机场到底还是让我去了香港。 我到深圳市坐火车过去的，是住的沙发客，住在南山区，离地铁很近。我也是第一次去深圳的宝安机场，原以为飞国际的航站楼是B楼，结果发现不是，找来找去在最偏远的地方，找到了一个二层小楼，这时候离飞机起飞还剩40分钟。亚航是提前45分钟的，就这5分钟只差，让我对宝安机场及人员，失望透顶。 我进去的时候，那边的工作人员，在那里玩手机，我和他讲，我迟到了，因为航站楼很难找。那几个人连眼皮都没抬一下，说“飞机都已经飞走了，你自己的原因有什么办法，再买一张票好了”。我和他们讲，让他们帮忙想想办法，看看能不能进去，他们直接说，“大家都很忙啊，快中午了，都下班吃饭去了，哪里还有人啊，没人给人换登机牌，安检了” 我当时心里那个气啊，说的容易，你的钱是挣得，我的钱是大风刮来的吗。是我迟到了，但用不着这样吧，什么下班吃饭，飞机飞走了，从来只听过飞机晚点，没听过飞机提前起飞的。还有40分钟，这时飞机连舱门还没开呢，飞个屁啊~ 为了不耽误之后的行程，我买了一张香港——吉隆坡的机票，（亚航的廉价机票，改费用比重新买一张还要贵，当时最便宜的就是从香港飞吉隆坡了）。从宝安机场有直接到香港机场的大巴，过关后换成小车，直接送到机场。PS：如果有别国证，用护照可直接过关，不需要港澳通行证。香港机场LCCT去印度金奈LCCT要穿越机场，自己走上飞机~飞机上看金奈金奈机场在金奈机场换了20美金，机场汇率太低了，而且还要手续费，20美金才换了950卢比，很让人郁闷。不过我在印度，都没换到较高的汇率，可能我比较衰吧。在加尔各答听路人菜菜菜说，她最高的时候100美金换了5800卢比，5555~~我最高就换到5500卢比，损失大了！在出机场的门口，可以看见一个简易地图，上面写着如何到地铁站，上面写的是地铁，不过就是在上面跑的，也没看见是在地下跑。一出机场，我就有一种明星走红地毯的感觉，那叫万众瞩目啊，印度人看你是外国人，都不措眼珠子的看你。我兜兜转转问了好几个人，才确定那个地铁站的方向，因为我也不知道是出了机场就左拐，还是到马路左拐。不过走着走着就看到火车了。车票6卢比，到埃各莫尔站。出了埃各莫尔车站，在街的对面有很多旅馆，但是金奈的旅馆相比北印是比较贵的，所以我走了2个小时都没有找到便宜又干净旅馆，总之和想象中的有差距。这个时候已经是印度的中午了，也就是国内的下午，印度和中国有2个半小时的时差。背着大包的我又累又饿，所以决定还是先吃饭再做别的打算。打了一辆TUTU到金奈火车站，因为我要买金奈——德里的火车票。TUTU一定要和司机讲价啊，他跟我说120卢比，我划价到60卢比。后来到北印，才发现60卢比很贵了~这是我在印度吃的第一顿饭，Biryani。饭下面是一个鸡腿和鸡蛋，另外点了一杯chai，一共是85卢比。合人民币10块钱吧。（人民币和卢比，是18点多）金奈火车站是有外国人售票办公室的，在售票厅的二楼。我去的时候刚开始没注意挂着的牌子，然后问那边的保安，他们告诉我在三楼，我严重怀疑他们根本听不懂英语，不懂装懂。在三楼找了一圈没找到。到二楼，抬头就看到了提示牌，推门直接走进办公室，里面的工作人员，服务态度很好。问我要去哪里，什么时候的车，坐哪种车厢。一开始我想着，从金奈到德里，33个小时，印度又这么热，还是买AC3吧，结果只剩WL了，只有AC2，票价2280卢比，感觉太贵了。于是坚持买了SL，那个女的一直说，SL不适合我，太热了，但是我还是坚持要做SL，我告诉她，AC2对我来说，太贵了~事实证明，SL我还是能忍受的，没有想象中那么恐怖。比我在国内坐那种没有空调的普快凉快多了！买完车票，我决定去Mahabalipuram,离金奈市区60公里，有公交588，588B，588C通往那里。票价是85卢比，不过随遇而安和我说，他去的时候是70卢比，可能是没有空调的缘故吧。找公交588B可费劲了，我就围着车站走啊走啊的，终于在快要崩溃的时候找到了一个大的公交车站，也终于有一个人懂英文，直接把我带到了588B车的前面。超感激那个小男生。金奈火车站附近的交警，在罚钱，呵呵~路上看见有人在游行演讲，估计是拥护哪个政党吧。到玛玛拉普兰下车不要再附近找旅馆，往海边的方向走，快走到海边的时候，有很多GUEST HOUSE，我之前也没有看LP，随便找了一家看上去很新的住了进去。墙壁院子都是新粉刷的。我要了一个离露台近的房间，300卢比。不过我在印度第一次被骗，也是在这家。我给店主500卢比，他没有找给我，说是要开摩托带我逛景点。我想着天气热，200卢比也不多（我还在用卢比换人民币），于是就答应了。他也确实带我逛了景点，我进去，他就在景区门口等着。后来他又说附近有个鳄鱼公园很好玩，结果开到半路，他说他的摩托没有油了，需要加油，要300卢比。我本来是不想给的，但是这路上这么荒凉，他要给我扔路上，我都不知道怎么回去，就在加油站给了300卢比。后来到了北印，才知道500卢比是个什么概念，懊悔死我了，其实我当时强硬的不给他钱加油，也不会怎么样的，谁让咱第一次来印度呢~大家以后去印度，一定要提高警惕，印度商人的骗人伎俩~我就住在这家清晨房间我在印度除KEC吃过的最贵的一顿饭，一盘面条200卢比，刚到印度不了解物价~清晨的海边玛玛拉普兰姆面对孟加拉湾，夜晚这里凉风习习，完全感觉不到白天的烈日炎炎。我躺在露台的吊床上睡着了。我在印度唯有这一次睡在外面被蚊子咬了，之后发现印度很神奇的没有蚊子！会不会都给热死了？这里有很多世界文化遗产的遗址，票价是250卢比，可以看两个。印度人只需要10卢比就可以参观了~海岸神庙Shore Temple刚到金奈很不习惯印度的灰尘吹到脸上的感觉，第一时间选择纱巾，不过后来习惯了，没再带过纱巾~比萨自己一个人走印度，没人给拍照，印度人的拍照水平实在很难恭维，还好带了一个自拍杆旁遮达拉Pancha Rathas这个是那个旅店的小老板带我到的一个景点，免费的，所以我也不知道这个景点的名字，就是一个巨大的岩石~不知道是不是传说中的变色龙，在树上经常看到~可爱的印度小孩，无论男孩女孩腰上都会有个腰链，在火车上遇到过一个，材质就像那种钢丝锁~印度人超喜欢金光闪闪的东西，所以无论男女都喜欢佩戴首饰~我从金奈到德里的火车是晚上10点多了，所以我5点多退房。印度南部的旅馆大部分是24小时的，不用中午12点退房。按照我的估计6点坐大巴回金奈坐火车时来的及的，不过回金奈时坐的588C，而且又是金奈的下半高峰，让我小紧张了一把~从玛玛拉普兰姆——金奈有588、588B、588C，我来的时候是在火车站附近乘的588B，所以回去的时候我理所当然的认为588C也应该是到火车站附近，结果售票员告诉我588C并不到火车站，但是我可以到金奈市区换车，他到时会叫我。当时我以为他说的是公交，所以下车就一直在找公交车站，后来问人才知道原来是他们的城铁，就是在上面跑的地铁，而地铁站也是在一个大楼里面。这个地铁站真的很让我长见识，进去看就像一个没有完工的超市，空旷，只有柱子。随着人流找到了售票窗口，问他们要去火车站，在哪一站下。结果卖票的都不太懂英文，这是过来一个警察，他的英文不错，就在纸上给我画了一个地铁的路线图，写上了每一个站的名字，告诉我在parkdown这站下车，让我数着站，因为地铁不报站。我感叹我遇到了好民警！站台是在三楼，下班高峰，印度男人真的是多啊。我就在看不到头的男人群中，寻找印度女人。终于让我发现了小部分印度女人，兴奋，有一种找到组织的兴奋！谁会想一个人和几十号男人挤在一个车厢。印度人的味道，你懂的~即使是女士车厢，也是挤不动。十几节车厢，就这么一节坐女人，可想而知有多挤了，而且是没有车门的，车速也不慢，我可真是不敢靠外站，怕给挤下去，赶紧跑到车厢最中间，才会感觉有安全感。我发现不但数学学的不好，记忆力也不好。没几站，我就不记得数到第几站了，然后赶紧问周围的女生。因为公交路上堵车，再加上找地铁站，此时已经9点半了，我很担心我下了车，是不是还有很远的路才能到火车站。而且我是第一次坐印度火车，真怕找不到车，深圳机场给我的阴影太大了~还好有个女生，英语发音超级准，她跟我说，到站会叫我的。等到下车的时候，又有一个女生主动说，她要路过火车站，让我跟着她走，不用搭任何的车，出了地铁就能看见火车站，她可以直接把我送到火车站。而她确实把我送到了火车站的大厅，再次感叹，运气好，碰到好人了！女士车厢，手机在晃动的车厢里拍的，有些抖，我实在腾不出手去拿相机~当火车站的时候10点左右吧，然后就在液晶屏幕上找我的车次，但是并没有显示在哪个站台。然后就拿着车票问身旁的一个男生，我那趟车在哪个站台。他告诉我要看液晶屏，他也正目不转睛的盯着屏幕看，我就看见他的汗就顺着脸流啊流的，胳膊也在流汗，我才发现我自己也是这样，一点不夸张的说长这么大都没出过这么多的汗。过了一会儿，哥们儿的车可能是进站了，就和我说，现在你的车还没来，不知道哪个站台，你要站在这里不要动，看着屏幕，那上面会有显示。我点点头，心说，还不让动，等他走了，我还是四处转转，因为有些饿了。买了一杯牛奶，因为实在是奶香四溢，才10卢比，买了一个油炸的不知道什么东西沾酱吃。人饿的时候，是不会管吃的东西叫什么的。给我的感觉就是放了好几天的干饼，划嗓子，不喝水是咽不下去的！终于我的车次在屏幕上显示了，就往站台走，这个时候还不知道看站台的小液晶屏，上面有车厢号，可以走到相应的车厢号那里等车。我一路问的走到了S3车厢的位置，车来的时候也正好停在这里。当我放下背包的时候，整件T恤已经全湿了，贴在身上都变透明了，哈哈~我这一路只有一次是中铺，还被调到了AC，整个行程全部是上铺。这也是我买车票是特别要求的，在填表的时候都会写上UB。原因很简单，第一安全，可以把行李放到上铺，时刻看着行李，我没买链锁，太沉。第二，上车就可以躺着，中铺平常事放下来的，大家都坐在下铺，所以中铺和下铺不可以随意躺着。侧铺下铺窗子一直开着，我可不想嘴被吹歪了，侧上铺过道的电扇吹不到，很闷~所以对于我最理想的就是上铺。上车简单洗脸就睡了，正好有三个电扇冲着我吹，晚上还是蛮舒服的~当然是对我而言，怕热，怕人多的还是不要尝试。 车厢 车厢印度的火车可以充电，AC车厢很多，SL就再车厢的尽头，这张是手机充电的时候拍的。车晃，手机拍的也不清楚~早上是被饿醒的，吃了一个盒饭Biryani，35卢比，但是辣的很奇怪，没吃完。又买了一个面包三明治，这才吃饱。可能是天气太热的缘故，吃完就觉得困，又接着睡，直到把我热醒。正好是中午，外面吹进来的都是热风，我在上铺感觉都像在锅里，衣服全都贴在身上。因为印度女人不能露腿的，所以一直都是穿长裤。从包里找出短裤、吊带换上，我才不管什么不能露胳膊露腿的呢。从这天起，我就开始每天都喝一瓶藿香正气水。在印度期间没感冒，没拉肚子，没中暑，只长了痱子，也算奇迹了。换完衣服上铺是不能去了，太热，然后一群90后的印度小兵就坐着和我聊天，要求我给他们拍照，还要和我合照，呵呵。还有印度的大叔也要与我照相，总之，在太阳没下山之前，我又困了，继续爬上去睡觉。([]
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